Global Meeting on Diabetes and Endocrinology July 23-24, 2018 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Endocrine Glands and transported in the blood to target cells which contain the receptors within it. It is a control system of ductless glands that secrete hormones within specific organs. They respond to stimuli which is largely due to hormones secreted within the body. Without hormones it’s difficult to grow, maintain a constant temperature, produce offspring, perform the basic actions and functions that are essential for life. The endocrine system regulates its hormones through negative feedback, except in very specific cases like childbirth. Increases in hormone activity decrease the production of that hormone. The immune system and various other factors contribute as control factors altogether they maintain constant levels of hormones.

Neuroendocrinology: It is the study of the interaction between the nervous system and endocrine glands. The ANS and the HPA system sub serve the afferent and efferent limbs of the stress response in vertebrates and are also central to maintaining homeostasis and effecting allostatic. Controlled by the brain, and utilizing as neurotransmitters epinephrine and norepinephrine. The role of the ANS in fight-or-flight and homeostasis was clearly explained by Walter Cannon. The interactions between the nervous and the endocrine system include the biological systems of the cells involved and the physiological processes of the human body. 

In humans all the physiological activities are controlled and coordinated by nervous and endocrine systems. The nervous system provides an organized network of nerves for fast coordination and the endocrine system provides chemical integration through hormones. Endocrine system relies on the production and release of hormones from various glands and on the transport of those hormones via the bloodstream. In humans, this function is served on one hand by the nervous system which can register immediate changes in the external and internal environment and react quickly and on the other hand it is served by many glands with internal secretion. 

Challenges in Endocrinology: The weight of diabetes on the medicinal services framework orders endeavors to more ideally treat those with the sickness and to keep its advancement in danger. Historically endocrinology studied a few discrete endocrine glands, but it is now clear that most tissues release soluble signals. Adipose tissue, once regarded as just a passive energy store is now recognized as a dynamic source of hormones such as leptin and adiponectin. The gastrointestinal tract secretes ghrelin and incretins and muscle is a source of myokines. In the body, cells never see any hormone in isolation; they are exposed to many varying signals. Experiments usually test how one variable affects one response examining a dynamic response adds a third-dimension: conceptualizing in more than 3D has constrained more complex experiments.

Pediatric endocrinology deals with endocrine-related conditions in children which also includes type 1 and type 2 diabetes, growth disorders, obesity, thyroid and adrenal problems, problems of puberty, hypoglycemia, pituitary disorders, calcium and bone metabolism disorders, intersex disorders, menstrual disorders, endocrine tumors, and other conditions which are related to hormones. In children, their psychological needs are different from those of adults. Pediatric endocrinologists have extensive training and expertise in dealing with children and in treating children with endocrine disorders and hormonal problems.

Current Advantages in Endocrinology Metabolism: Insulin resistance contributes to the pathophysiology of diabetes. It is a hallmark of obesity, metabolic syndrome and other cardiovascular diseases. Direct and indirect methods of varying complexity are currently employed for these purposes. Endocrine disorders involve the body’s over production or under production of certain hormones while the metabolic disorders affect the body’s ability to process certain nutrients and vitamins. Endocrine disorders include several diseases like hypothyroidism, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, diseases of the parathyroid gland, diabetes mellitus, diseases of the adrenal glands (including Cushing’s syndrome and Addison’s disease), and ovarian dysfunction among others. Examples of metabolic disorders include cystic fibrosis, phenylketonuria (PKU), hyperlipidemia, gout, and rickets.

It is a condition that affect the thyroid gland, a butterfly shaped gland in the front of the neck. There are different types of thyroid disorders that affect either its structure or function. This gland is located below the Adam's apple wrapped around the trachea. A thin area of tissue in the gland's middle known as the isthmus, joins the two thyroid lobes on each side. Gland makes hormones to regulate body and organs. Hormones are chemical messengers to tell the body what to do. They help to control body temperature, helps the body to make energy and helps to control the organ function.

Improve health care in reproductive endocrinology including non-gynecologic endocrine disorders and infertility by: Establishing high standards of education and training in reproductive endocrinology and infertility, Enhancing recruitment of qualified physicians in the field for both clinical practice and scientific investigation and increasing basic and clinical knowledge of reproductive endocrinology and infertility, Establish standards of training by defining the skills and knowledge essential for physicians who evaluate and provide care for women and men with reproductive problems, Evaluate educational programs designed to prepare physicians for certification in reproductive endocrinology and infertility, Establish standards and procedures for the evaluation of candidates, including the conduct and supervision of examinations to determine professional competence in reproductive endocrinology and infertility.

Depicts a gathering of diabetes and metabolic sicknesses in which the individual has high blood either because insulin generation is lacking or because the body's phones don't react appropriately to insulin or both. Patients with high glucose will normally encounter polyuria, they will turn out to be progressively parched and hungry. orate slow and guileful onset, most normal in overweight or fat patients from a minority, Signs of insulin. Familial way of life danger components prompting heftiness might be available, as may a family history of disease or metabolic disorder.

The mental and neurological deviations in cretinism are the direct result of thyroxine deficiency and not due to an associated congenital defect. In the treatment of thyrotoxicosis in childhood, preference is given to the use of anti-thyroid drugs rather than to surgery. Generous reference is made to papers by British authors (both in this section and throughout the book), but there is no mention of the observation of P. R. Evans (Pediatrics, 1952, 41, 706) on the vertebral changes in hypothyroidism. Pediatricians will turn eagerly to the account of adrenocortical hyperplasia, for most of the dramatic advances in this field have been the work of the author and his associates. In the maintenance treatment of congenital virilism he recommends 25-75 mg. of intramuscular cortisone every third day and two to five DCA pellets of 125 mg. each by implant in the salt-losing type with the addition of 2 to 3 g. of sodium chloride daily. The need to watch height increments in these children as well as 17-ketosteroid output is emphasized.

 Glycemic index, carbohydrate counting, the MyPlate method, and the TLC diet plan are all methods for determining healthy eating habits for diabetes management. Most diabetic meal plans allow the person with diabetes to eat the same foods as the rest of the family, with attention to portion size and timing of meals and snacks. Glycemic index is a way to classify carbohydrates in terms of the amount that raise blood sugar. Food with high glycemia index have high blood sugar more than lower index foods. Some patients with type 2 use supplements as complementary medicine to treat their disease. The effectiveness of supplements in treating the disease is limited Glycemic index, carbohydrate counting, the MyPlate method, and the TLC diet plan are all methods for determining healthy eating habits for diabetes management.

Accompanying scar tissue can contract and cause retinal detachment—the pulling away of the retina from underlying tissue, like wallpaper peeling away from a wall. Studies such as the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial have shown that controlling diabetes slows the onset and worsening of diabetic retinopathy. DCCT study participants who kept their blood glucose level as close to normal were significantly less likely than those without optimal glucose control to develop diabetic retinopathy, as well as kidney and nerve diseases. There are other trials which have shown that controlling elevated blood pressure and cholesterol can reduce the risk of vision loss among people with diabetes. Treatment for diabetic retinopathy is delayed until it starts to progress to PDR. When diabetic retinopathy becomes more severe comprehensive eye exams are needed. People with severe diabetic retinopathy will have high risk of developing PDR and may need a comprehensive dilated eye exam as often as every3 to 6 months.

Thyroid disorders are common and pay attention to physical examination findings, combined with selected laboratory and radiologic tools that aids in the early diagnosis and treatment. Early identification and treatment of thyroid disease in children and adolescents is critical to optimize growth and development. The primary care physician plays a critical role in identifying patients at risk. It is a condition that affect the thyroid gland, a butterfly shaped gland in the front of the neck. There are different types of thyroid disorders that affect either its structure or function. This gland is located below the Adam's apple wrapped around the trachea. A thin area of tissue in the gland's middle known as the isthmus, joins the two thyroid lobes on each side. Gland makes hormones to regulate body and organs.

The clinical case report, which describes and analyzes the diagnosis and management of one or two patients is the first line of evidence in health care. It is a powerful tool to disseminate information on unusual clinical syndromes, disease associations, unusual side effects to therapy or response to treatment. Collection of reports of patients suffering from various disorders that are commonly seen in a busy diabetes and endocrine unit. It provides a comprehensive discussion on the diagnosis and management of each patient. There are many diseases which are included under case reports, including hypopituitarism, acromegaly, diabetes insipidus, osteoporosis, adrenal carcinoma, Turner's syndrome, Cushing's disease, Nelson's syndrome, viral thyroiditis, juvenile thyrotoxicosis, diabetic pregnancy, pancreatic tumor, multiple endocrine neoplasia, gonadal dysgenesis, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, and polycystic ovary syndrome. It provides valuable resource for those training in clinical medicine or for those pursuing a career in endocrinology and diabetes.